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Still Seeing Red - The CIA Fosters Death Squads In Colombia
('The Progressive' Says In The Name Of Fighting Drugs,
The Central Intelligence Agency Financed New Military Intelligence Networks
In Colombia In 1991, But The New Networks Did Little
To Stop Drug Traffickers - Instead, They Incorporated
Illegal Paramilitary Groups Into Their Ranks And Fostered Death Squads)
Date: Thu, 13 Aug 1998 15:50:26 -0400
To: mapnews@mapinc.org
From: owner-mapnews@mapinc.org (MAPNews)
Subject: MN: US/Colombia: Still Seeing Red:
The CIA Fosters Death Squads In Colombia
Sender: owner-mapnews@mapinc.org
Reply-To: owner-mapnews@mapinc.org
Organization: Media Awareness Project http://www.mapinc.org/lists/
Newshawk: Paul Wolf (paulwolf@icdc.com)
Source: Progressive (WI)
Contact: progmag@igc.apc.org
Pubdate: June 1998
Author: Frank Smyth
STILL SEEING RED: THE CIA FOSTERS DEATH SQUADS IN COLOMBIA
Back in 1989, the CIA built its first counter-narcotics center in the
basement of its Directorate of Operations headquarters in Langley,
Virginia. Since then, the newly renamed "crime and narcotics center" has
increased four-fold, says CIA spokeswoman Anya Guilsher. She says she
cannot comment about any specific counter-drug operations, except to say
that the agency is now conducting them worldwide.
The CIA was established in 1947 as a frontline institution against the
Soviet Union. Today, nine years after the Berlin Wall fell, the agency is
seeking a new purpose to justify its $26.7 billion annual subsidy. Besides
the crime and narcotics center, the CIA now runs a counter-terrorism
center, a center to stymie the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, and even an ecology center to monitor global warming and
weather patterns, including El Nino.
George J. Tenet, the Clinton Administration's new Director of Central
Intelligence, recently told Congress the United States faces new threats in
"this post-Cold War world" that are "uniquely challenging for U.S. interests."
But the CIA remains a Cold War institution. Many officers, especially
within the clandestine operations wing, still see communists behind every
door. They maintain warm relationships with rightist military forces
worldwide that are engaging in widespread human-rights abuses. These ties
conflict with the agency's putative goal of fighting drugs, since many of
the rightist allies are themselves involved in the drug trade.
Take Colombia. In the name of fighting drugs, the CIA financed new military
intelligence networks there in 1991. But the new networks did little to
stop drug traffickers. Instead, they incorporated illegal paramilitary
groups into their ranks and fostered death squads. These death squads
killed trade unionists, peasant leaders, human-rights, journalists, and
other suspected "subversives." The evidence, including secret Colombian
military documents, suggests that the CIA may be more interested in
fighting a leftist resistance movement than in combating drugs.
Thousands of people have been killed by the death squads, and the killings
go on. In April, one of Colombia's foremost human rights lawyers, Eduardo
Umana Mendoza, was murdered in his office. Umana's clients included leaders
of Colombia's state oil workers' union. Reuters estimated that 10,000
people attended his funeral in Bogota.
Human rights groups suspect that Umana's murder may have been carried out
by members of the security forces supporting or operating in unison with
paramilitary forces. At the funeral, Daniel Garcia Pena, a Colombian
government official who was a friend of Umana's, told journalists that
before his death Umana had alerted authorities that state security
officials along with security officers from the state oil company were
planning to kill him.
The killings are mounting at a terrible pace. In February, a death squad
mowed down another leading human rights activist, Jesus Maria Valle
Jaramillo. He had pointed a finger at the military and some politicians for
sponsoring death squads.
"There is a clear, coordinated strategy of targeting anyone involved in the
defense of human rights," says Carlos Salinas of Amnesty International.
"Every statement of unconditional support by U.S. lawmakers only encourages
these kinds of attacks."
A new debate is taking place today between human rights groups and the
Clinton Administration over U.S. aid to Colombia. The Clinton
Administration has escalated military aid to Colombia to a record $136
million annually, making Colombia the leading recipient of U.S. military
aid in this hemisphere. Now the Administration is considering even more,
including helicopter gunships.
Colombia did not figure prominently on the world stage back in late 1990
and early 1991. Germany was in the process of reunification, Iraq's Saddam
Hussein had just invaded Kuwait, and El Salvador was negotiating an end to
its long civil war. But the Bush Administration was not ignoring Colombia.
It was increasing the number of U.S. Army Special Forces (or Green Beret)
advisers there. And the CIA was increasing the number of agents in its
station in Bogota -- which soon became the biggest station in Latin America.
"There was a very big debate going on [over how to allocate] money for
counter-narcotics operations in Colombia," says retired Colonel James S.
Roach Jr., the U.S. military attache and the Defense Intelligence Agency
(DIA) country liaison in Bogota in the early 1990s. "The U.S. was looking
for a way to try to help. But if you're not going to be combatants
[yourselves], you have to find something to do."
The United States formed an inter-agency commission to study Colombia's
military intelligence system. The team included representatives of the U.S.
embassy's Military Advisory Group in Bogota, the U.S. Southern Command in
Panama, the DIA, and the CIA, says Roach, who was among the military
officers representing the DIA. The commission, according to a 1996 letter
from the Defense Department to Senator Patrick J. Leahy, Democrat of
Vermont, recommended changes in Colombia's military intelligence networks
to make them "more efficient and effective."
In May 1991, Colombia completely reorganized its military intelligence
networks "based on the recommendations made by the commission of U.S.
military advisers," according to the secret Colombian reorganization order,
which Human Rights Watch made public in 1996. The U.S. commission of
advisers backed the reorganization plan ostensibly as part of the drug war.
Yet the secret Colombian order itself made no mention anywhere in its
sixteen pages or corresponding appendices about gathering intelligence
against drug traffickers. Instead, the order instructed the new
intelligence networks to focus on leftist guerrillas or "the armed
subversion."
The forty-one new intelligence networks created by the order directed their
energies toward unarmed civilians suspected of supporting the guerrillas.
One of these intelligence networks, in the oil refinery town of
Barrancabermeja in Colombia's strife-torn Magdalena Valley, assassinated at
least fifty-seven civilians in the first two years of operation. Victims
included the president, vice president, and treasurer of the local
transportation workers union, two leaders of the local oil workers union,
one leader of a local peasant workers union, two human rights monitors, and
one journalist.
Colonel Roach says the Defense Department never intended the intelligence
networks to foster death squads. But Roach says he can't speak for the CIA,
which was more involved in the intelligence reorganization and even
financed the new networks directly.
"The CIA set up the clandestine nets on their own," says Roach. "They had a
lot of money. It was kind of like Santa Claus had arrived."
The secret Colombian order instructed the military to maintain plausible
deniability from the networks and their crimes. Retired military officers
and other civilians were to act as clandestine liaisons between the
networks and the military commanders. All open communications "must be
avoided." There "must be no written contracts with informants or civilian
members of the network; everything must be agreed to orally." And the
entire chain of command "will be covert and compartmentalized, allowing for
the necessary flexibility to cover targets of interest."
Facts about the new intelligence networks became known only after four
former agents in Barrancabermeja began testifying in 1993 about the
intelligence network there. What compelled them to come forward? Each said
the military was actively trying to kill them in order to cover up the
network and its crimes. By then the military had "disappeared" four other
ex-agents in an attempt to keep the network and its operations secret.
Since the military was already trying to kill them, the agents decided that
testifying about the network and its crimes might help keep them alive.
Saulo Segura was one ex-agent who took this gamble. But rather than
prosecuting his superiors over his and others' testimony, Colombia's
judicial system charged and imprisoned Segura. In a 1996 interview in La
Modelo, Bogota's maximum-security jail, Segura told me he hadn't killed
anyone and that his job within the network was limited to renting office
space and handling money. Segura then glanced about nervously before
adding, "I hope they don't kill me."
Two months later, on Christmas Eve, Segura was murdered inside his
cellblock. His murder remains unsolved; the whereabouts of the other three
ex-agents is unknown. No Colombian officers have been prosecuted for
ordering the Barrancabermeja crimes.
In 1994, Amnesty International accused the Pentagon of allowing anti-drug
aid to be diverted to counterinsurgency operations that lead to human
rights abuses. U.S. officials including General Barry R. McCaffrey, the
Clinton Administration drug czar who was then in charge of the U.S.
Southern Command, publicly denied it. But back at the office, McCaffrey
ordered an internal audit. It found that thirteen out of fourteen Colombian
army units that Amnesty had specifically cited for abuses had previously
received either U.S. training or arms. Amnesty made these documents public
in 1996. (Full disclosure: I provided the internal U.S. documents to
Amnesty; Winifred Tate and I provided the secret Colombian order to Human
Rights Watch.)
Colombian military officers, along with some of their supporters in the
United States, say the line between counterinsurgency and counter-drug
operations in Colombia is blurry, as Colombia's leftist guerrillas are more
involved today than ever before in drug trafficking.
Indeed, they are. For years, about two-thirds of the forces of the
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and about half the forces of
the National Liberation Army (ELN) have been involved in the drug trade,
mainly protecting drug crops, according to both U.S. intelligence and
leftist sources.
Colombia's rightist paramilitary groups, however, are even more involved in
the drug trade, and they have been for a decade. Back in 1989, Colombia's
civilian government outlawed all paramilitary organizations after a
government investigation had found that the Medellin drug cartel led by the
late Pablo Escobar had taken over the largest ones.
At the time, Escobar and his associates were fiercely resisting U.S.
pressure on the Colombian government to make them stand trial in the United
States on trafficking charges. They took control of Colombia's strongest
paramilitaries and used them to wage a terrorist campaign against the
state. These same paramilitaries, based in the Magdalena Valley, were
behind a wave of violent crimes, including the 1989 bombing of Avianca
flight HK-1803, which killed 111 passengers. Investigators concluded that
Israeli, British, and other mercenaries, led by Israeli Reserve Army
Lieutenant Colonel Yair Klein, had trained the perpetrators in such
techniques. In February, Klein and three other former Israeli reserve
officers, along with two Colombians, were indicted in absentia for their
alleged involvement in these crimes.
The CIA bears some responsibility for the proliferation of drug trafficking
in the Magdalena Valley since it supported rightist counterinsurgency
forces who run drugs. But the CIA has also helped combat drug trafficking
in Colombia. In other words, different units within the agency have pursued
contrary goals.
The CIA's most notable success in the drug war was the 1995-1996 operations
that, with the help of the DEA, apprehended all top seven leaders of
Colombia's Cali drug cartel. One of those apprehended was Henry Loaiza,
also known as "The Scorpion," a top Colombian paramilitary leader. He
secretly collaborated with the CIA-backed intelligence networks to carry
out assassinations against suspected leftists.
A young, techno-minded CIA team led the Cali bust. Heading up the team was
a woman. "I'm just a secretary," she protested when I called her on the
phone at the time.
But despite her denials, she was not unappreciated. On September 19, 1995,
a courier delivered a white box to her at the U.S. Embassy in Bogota. I
happened to be in the lobby at the time. She opened the box to find roses
inside. They had been sent by the head of Colombia's National Police,
General Rosso Jose Serrano.
Most other agency counter-drug operations, however, have yielded few
breakthroughs.
The net result of CIA involvement in Colombia has not been to slow down the
drug trade. Mainly, the agency has fueled a civil war that has taken an
appalling toll on civilians.
Colombia is not the only place where these two elements of the CIA nave
clashed with each other.
In Peru, the CIA coordinates all of its counter-drug efforts through the
office of the powerful intelligence chief, Vladimiro Montesinos -- even
though DEA special agents have produced no fewer than forty-nine different
intelligence reports about Montesinos and his suspected narcotics
smuggling. It is no wonder that agency counter-drug efforts in Peru have
failed.
In Guatemala, the agency has played a strong role in both counterinsurgency
and counter-drug operations. As in Peru, the agency has worked with
Guatemala's office of military intelligence, even though DEA special agents
have formally accused a whopping thirty-one Guatemalan military officers of
drug trafficking. Despite the CIA's efforts, not even one suspected officer
has been tried.
The Clinton Administration finally cut off CIA counterinsurgency aid to
Guatemala in 1995 after revelations that an agency asset, Guatemalan Army
Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez, had been involved in the murder of Michael
DeVine, a U.S. innkeeper, as well as in the murder of Efrain Bamaca
Velasquez, a leftist guerrilla who was married to the Harvard-educated
lawyer, Jennifer Harbury. But the Clinton Administration has allowed the
CIA to continue providing counter-drug aid to Guatemala.
Most of the major drug syndicates so far uncovered by the DEA have enjoyed
direct links to Guatemalan military officers. One of the largest
syndicates, exposed in 1996, "reached many parts of the military,"
according to the State Department.
This year, the State Department reports, "Guatemala is the preferred
location in Central America for storage and transshipment of South American
cocaine destined for the United States via Mexico."
Mexico is the next stop on the CIA counter-narcotics train. The fact that
Mexico's former top counter-drug officer, General Jesus Gutierrez Rebollo,
was himself recently indicted for drug trafficking, raises the same old
question: What is U.S. policy really all about? Before Gutierrez was
busted, the DEA thought he was dirty, while U.S. officials, like General
McCaffrey, still sporting Cold War lenses, thought he was clean and vouched
for him shortly before his indictment.
Some DEA special agents question the CIA's priorities in counter-drug
programs. Human-rights groups remain suspicious of the same programs for
different reasons.
"There is no magic line dividing counter-narcotics and counter-insurgency
operations," says Salinas of Amnesty International. "Given the current
deterioration of human rights in Mexico," an expanded role in counter-drug
operations by the United States "could lead to a green light for further
violations."
Testifying before Congress in March, the CIA Inspector General, Frederick
R. Hitz, finally addressed allegations that the CIA once backed Cold War
allies like the Nicaraguan contras even though they ran drugs. Hitz
admitted that, at the very least, there have been "instances where CIA did
not, in an expeditious or consistent fashion, cut off relationships with
individuals supporting the contra program who were alleged to have engaged
in drug trafficking activity, or take action to resolve the allegations."
What CIA officials have yet to admit is that the agency is still doing the
same thing today.
Frank Smyth, a freelance journalist, has written a out the or drug
trafficking in The Village Voice, The New Republic, The Washington Post,
The Wall Street Journal, and Jane's Intelligence Review. He has also
contributed to "Crime in Uniform: Corruption and Impunity in Latin
America," published jointly by the Cochabomba-based Accion Andina and the
Amsterdam-based Transnational Institute.
Copyright 1998 Progressive Inc.
Source: Colombian Labor Monitor, clm@prairienet.org;
http://www.prairienet.org/clm
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Public Letter To Kofi Annan, Secretary General, United Nations
(Text Of The Letter Calling For An End To The Global War On Drugs,
Written On The Occasion Of The United Nations General Assembly
Special Session On Drugs In New York June 8-10 - Including
The 500 World Leaders Who Signed It)
Date: Sat, 6 Jun 1998 18:12:20 EDT
Errors-To: manager@drcnet.org
Reply-To: rlake@mapinc.org
Originator: drctalk@drcnet.org
Sender: drctalk@drcnet.org
From: Richard Lake
To: Multiple recipients of list
Subject: Public Letter to Kofi Annan, Secretary General,
United Nations
Public Letter to Kofi Annan
June 1, 1998
Mr. Kofi Annan
Secretary General
United Nations
New York, New York
United States
Dear Secretary General,
On the occasion of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on
Drugs in New York on June 8-10, 1998, we seek your leadership in
stimulating a frank and honest evaluation of global drug control efforts.
We are all deeply concerned about the threat that drugs pose to our
children, our fellow citizens and our societies. There is no choice but to
work together, both within our countries and across borders, to reduce the
harms associated with drugs. The United Nations has a legitimate and
important role to play in this regard -- but only if it is willing to ask
and address tough questions about the success or failure of its efforts.
We believe that the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug
abuse itself.
Every decade the United Nations adopts new international conventions,
focused largely on criminalization and punishment, that restrict the
ability of individual nations to devise effective solutions to local drug
problems. Every year governments enact more punitive and costly drug
control measures. Every day politicians endorse harsher new drug war
strategies.
What is the result? U.N. agencies estimate the annual revenue generated by
the illegal drug industry at $400 billion, or the equivalent of roughly
eight per cent of total international trade. This industry has empowered
organized criminals, corrupted governments at all levels, eroded internal
security, stimulated violence, and distorted both economic markets and
moral values. These are the consequences not of drug use per se, but of
decades of failed and futile drug war policies.
In many parts of the world, drug war politics impede public health efforts
to stem the spread of HIV, hepatitis and other infectious diseases. Human
rights are violated, environmental assaults perpetrated and prisons
inundated with hundreds of thousands of drug law violators. Scarce
resources better expended on health, education and economic development are
squandered on ever more expensive interdiction efforts. Realistic proposals
to reduce drug-related crime, disease and death are abandoned in favor of
rhetorical proposals to create drug-free societies.
Persisting in our current policies will only result in more drug abuse,
more empowerment of drug markets and criminals, and more disease and
suffering. Too often those who call for open debate, rigorous analysis of
current policies, and serious consideration of alternatives are accused of
"surrendering." But the true surrender is when fear and inertia combine to
shut off debate, suppress critical analysis, and dismiss all alternatives
to current policies. Mr. Secretary General, we appeal to you to initiate a
truly open and honest dialogue regarding the future of global drug control
policies - one in which fear, prejudice and punitive prohibitions yield to
common sense, science, public health and human rights.
Sincerely,
ARGENTINA
Graciela Fernandez Meijide
Member of Congress
Irma Fidela Parentella
Member of Congress
Gustavo Hurtado
Coordinación Ejecutiva del Programa de Drogadependencia de la Ciudad de
Buenos Aires
Carlos Juan Moneta
Permanent Secretary of the Latin American Economic System (SELA)
Adolfo Perez Esquivel
Nobel Laureate (Peace)
Graciela TouzU
President, Intercambios
AUSTRALIA
Dick Adams
House of Representatives, National Parliament
Lyn Allison
Senator, National Parliament
Peter Baume
Former Cabinet Minister; Chancellor, Australian National University
Kevin Berry
Olympic Gold Medallist
Ald. Pru Bonham
Deputy Lord Mayor, Hobart
Ted Bramble
Lawyer, Civil Libertarian
Peter Brooks
Dean, Health Sciences, University of Queensland
John Brumby
Leader of the Opposition, Victoria
Ita Buttrose
Journalist, author
John Cain
Former Premier, Victoria
Dr. Greg B. Chesher
Pharmacologist
Assoc. Prof. Macdonald J. Christie
Department of Pharmacology, University of Sydney
Peter Cleeland
Former Politician
Barney Cooney
Senator from Victoria
Dr. Nick Crofts
Public researcher
Paul Deany
Executive Officer, Asian Harm Reduction Network
Mary Delahunty
Journalist
Ivor Deverson
Lord Mayor, Melbourne
Bob Douglas
Professor of Epidemiology, Australian National University
Alex Dr. Wodak
Physician
Phillip Dunn QC
Barrister
Paul Ellercamp
Journalist
Peter Fritz
Founder and Managing Director, TCG Group of Companies
Dr. Peter Graham
General Practitioner
Randolph Griffiths
Former Sydney City Councillor
Sir Rubert Hamer
Former Premier, Victoria
Susan Irvine
Senior Lecturer, Public Health
Harry Jenkins
House of Representatives, National Parliament
Michael Kirby, AC CMG
President, International Commission of Jurists
Joan Kirner
Former Premier, Victoria
John Konrads
Olympic Gold Medallist
Professor Jara Krivanek
Technical University of Ostrava Czech Republic
Richard Larkins
Chairman, National Health and Medical Research Council
Steve Leeder
Dean, Medical Faculty, Sydney University
Helen Lochhead
Architect
Frank Merlino
Mayor, City of Whittlesea
David Penington
Former Vice Chancellor, Melbourne University
Ron Penny
Professor of Immunology, University of New South Wales
Bronwyn Pike
Executive Officer, Evatt Centre
Phil Puna
Attorney
Dr. Adrian Reynolds
Robert Richter QC
Barrister
Leo Schofield
Director, Sydney Festival
Richard Smallwood
Former President, Royal Australasian College of Physicians
Dr. Nadia Solowij
National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW
John Spatchurst
Principal, Spatchurst Design Associates
Bill Stronach
Australian Drug Foundation
Kelvin Templeton
Sportsman and Sports Administrator
Charles Watson
Dean Health Sciences Curtin University
David White
Former Politician
Michael Willesee
TV Broadcaster
Charles Williams
Dean of Law, Monash University
Neville Wran
Former Premier, New South Wales
BELGIUM
Yves Cartuyvels
Professor of Penal Law, University of Saint-Louis, Brussels
Stanley Crossick
Chairman, European Policy Centre
Vincent Decroly
Member of Parliament, Brussels
Christine Guillain
Attorney, Researcher, School of the Criminological Sciences, Free
University of Brussels
Dan Kaminski
School of Criminology, Catholic University of Louvain-la-Neuve
Philippe Mary
Professor of Criminology, Vice-President, School of Crimininological
Sciences, Free University of Brussels
Patrick Moriau
University of Brussels Member of Parliament, Mayor of Chapelle-lez-Herlaimont
Ilya Prigogyne
Emeritus professor physical chemistry, Free University of Brussels; Nobel
Laureate (Chemistry, 1977)
Olivier Ralet
Former head, PEDDRO drug prevention project, UNESCO/European Union
Micheline Roelandt
Psychiatrist
Sonja Snacken
Ph.D., Professor of Criminology and Sociology of Law, Free University of
Brussels
Isabelle Stengers
Philosopher, Free University of Brussels; Winner "Grand Prix de
Philosophie de L'Académie Française
Lode Van Outrive
Emeritus Professor of Criminology, Leuven University; Former Member of the
European Parliament
BOLIVIA
Antonio Aranibar Quiroga
Former Foreign Minister
Edgar Camacho Omiste
Former Ambassador to the OAS
Roger Cortez-Hurtado
Former Member of Congress
Juan del Granado
Member of Congress
Alfonso Ferrufino Valderrama
Former Vice-President of the Bolivian House of Representatives
Horst Grebe Lopez
Former Cabinet Minister
Lidya Gueiler Tejada
Former President of Bolivia
Roberto Moscoso Valderrama
Member of Congress
Ricardo Paz Ballivian
Former Member of Congress
Carlos Julio Quiroga Blanco
Member of Congress
Guillermo Richter A.
Former Senator
Gonzalo Ruiz
Member of Congress
Manuel Suarez Avila
Member of Congress
Felix Vasquez Mamani
Member of Congress
BRAZIL
Ana Magnólia Bezerrá Mendés
Assistant Professor, University of Brasilia
Pedro Casaldaliga
Catholic Bishop of São Felix do Araquaia
Luiz Inacio Lula Da Silva
Presidential Candidate, Brazil; Honorary President of the Workers Party
Fabio Mesquita
Researcher, University of São Paulo, Brasil; Executive Director of the Latin
American Harm Reduction Network
CANADA
Glenn A. Gilmour
Lawyer, Ottawa
James A. Wakeford
AIDS Activist, Toronto
Frank Addario
Criminal Lawyer
Chris Axworthy
Member of Parliament, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Marie-Andrée Bertrand
Professor Emeritus of Criminology, University of Montreal; President,
International Antiprohibitionist League, Montreal, Quebec
Barry L. Beyerstein, Ph.D.
Brain Behavior Laboratory, Simon Fraser University
Barry L. Beyerstein, PhD
Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, B.C.
Neil Boyd
Professor, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver
J.A. Browne
Parent, Burlington, Ontario
C. Michael Bryan
Formerly Special Assistant, Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Mecial Use
of Drugs (Le Dain Commission); Senior Policy Analyst (Narcotic Control
Policy), Health Protection Branch, Health Canada
Paul Burstein
Criminal Lawyer
Sharon Carstairs
Senator, former Chair, Standing Senate Committee on Legal and
Constitutional Affairs, Sente of Canada
John W. Conroy
Barrister & Solicitor, Mission , B.C.
Paul Copeland
Lawyer; Columnist on Drug Law, Ontario Criminal Lawyers' Association
Newsletter, Toronto
Laura Cowan, RN
Executive Director of Street Health, Toronto, Ontario
Libby Davies
Member of Parliament, Vancouver-East
Jonathan Dawe
Barrister, Toronto, Ontario
Denise De Pape
Bev Desjarlais
Member of Parliament, Manitoba
Marion Dewar
HAIA Oxfam Canada, Ottawa
Jari Dvorek
Medical Marijuana Activist, Toronto
Richard Elliott
President, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, Toronto
Patricia G. Erickson, PhD
Senior Scientist, Addiction Research Foundation, Division of the Addiction
and Mental Health Services Corporation, Professor of Sociology, University
of Toronto
Michael Farrance
Addictions Coordinator, City of Toronto Hostels Division, Toronto
Yvon Godin
Member of Parliament, Bathhurst, NB
Irene Goldstone
B.C. Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver
Dr. Richard Gould
Community Medicine Specialist, Toronto
Edward L. Greenspan, QC
Senior Partner, Greenspan, Nenein & White, Toronto
Catherine Hankins
Public Health Epidemiologist, Chair of the Canadian Task Force on HIV and
Injection Drug Use, Montreal
David Harvey
Oakville, Ontario
Shaun Hopkins
Manager, The Works
Andrew J. Rapoch
Former President, National Organization for the Reform of the Marijuana
Laws (NORML), Ottawa, Ontario
Jane Jacobs
Author
Ralf Jorgens
Executive Director, Canadian HIV/AIDS, Legal Network, Montreal
J. Robertt. Kellerman
Law Union of Ontario, Steering Committee
Perry Kendall
Former president, Addiction Research Foundation, Victoria
Rick Laliberte
Member of Parliament, Churchill River, Beauval, Saskatchewan
Pierre Landreville
Professer of Criminology, University of Montreal
Wendy Lill
Member of Parliament, Dartmouth
Dennis Long
President, Ontario Federation of Community Addictions and Mental Health
Programs; Executive Director, Breakaway Substance Abuse Treatment Centre,
Toronto, Ontario
Paul MacPhee
Co-Chair AIDS Action Now!, Toronto, Ontario
Peter Mancini
Member or Parliament
Ron Mann
Filmmaker, Toronto
Patrick Martin
Member of Parliament, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Vishnu Mathur
T.V. Producer, Toronto
Alexa McDonough
Member of Parliament, Federal Leader of New Democratic Party, Ottawa, Canada
Ruth Morris
Education Director, Toronto
Lorne Nystrom
Member of Parliament, N.D.P., Qu'Appelle, Regina, Saskatchewan
Eugene Oscapella
Lawyer, former Chair, Law Reform Commission of Canada Drug Policy
George Panagpa
F.U.M Group - Parkdale Comunity Health Center
John C. Polanyi
Nobel Laureate (Chemistry, 1986), Toronto, Ontario
Gil Puder
Police Officer, Abbotsford, BC
Diane Riley, PhD
International Harm Reduction Association, Toronto
Svend Robinson
Member of Parliament, New Democratic Party of Canada, Burnaby-Douglas
Greg Robinson
Co-Chair AIDS Action Now!, Toronto
Dr. David Roy
Director, Centre for Bioethics, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal
Clayton Ruby
Lawyer, Toronto
Gordon S. Earle
Member of Parliament, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Dr. John S. Millar
Provincial Health Officer, Ministry of Health and Ministry Responsible for
Seniors, Victoria, British Columbia
Pat Sanagan
Substance Abuse Prevention Consultant
Jan Skirrow
Consultant; Former CEO Alberta Alcohol & Drug Abuse Commission; Deputy
Minister of Community and Occupational Health, Alberta; Founding CEO
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Duncan, BC
Robert St-Pierre
HIV Program Coordinator, Canadian Hemophilia Society, Montreal
Terence Stewart
Canadian Aids Society, Ottawa
Peter Stoffer
Member of Parliament - New Democratic Party of Canada
Neev Tapiero
Medical Cannabis Activist and Dispenser, Toronto
Jeannette Tossounian
MUM (Marijuana Used for Medicine), Kitchener, Ontario
Elaine Vautour
Counsellor, Toronto, Ontario
Judy Wasylycia-Leis
Member of Parliament, Winnipeg
Dr. Jonathan Wouk
Ottawa, Ontario
CHILE
Ariel Dorfman
Writer
CHINA
Spencer So
Community Drug Advisory Council
COLOMBIA
Arturo Alape
Writer
Gustavo Alvarez Gardeazabal
Governor, Department of Valle de Cauca
Belisario Betancur
Former President
Juan Manuel Santos
President, Fundacion Buen Gobierno
Alvaro Mutis
Writer
Augusto Ramirez Ocampo
Former Foreign Minister; National Recociliation Commission
COSTA RICA
Oscar Arias
Nobel Laureate (Peace); Former President of Costa Rica
DENMARK
Hans Henrik Brydensholt
High Court Judge, Former Director of the Danish Prison and Probation
Service, Former Head of Section in the Danish Ministry of Justice
Bjørn Elmquist
Former Member of Parliament and Chairman of Parliamentary Permanent
Committee on Justice
Jørgen Jepsen
Centre of Alcohol & Drug Research, University of Aarhus
Erik Merlung
District Attorney, Copenhagen
Erling Olsen
Former Minister of Justice, Former Chairman of the Danish Parliament, Former
Professor of Economics at the University of Copenhagen
Villy Søvndal
Member of Parliament, Chairman of the Permanent Parliamentary Committee
on Social Affairs
ECUADOR
Washington Herrera
Former Presidential Minister
FINLAND
Inkeri Anttila
Professor of Penal Law, University of Helsinki; Former Minister of Justice
Kauko Aromaa
Research Director, National Research Institute of Legal Policy
Pekka Koskinen
Professor of Penal Law, University of Helsinki
Klaus Maekelae
Research Director, Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies
Hannu Takala
Executive Secretary, National Council for Crime Prevention
Patrik Tornudd
Former Director of National Research Institute of Legal Policy
FRANCE
Claude Aiguevive, MD
Vice President, Médecins du Monde
Josefina Alvarez
Research Group on Criminal Policy, University of Montpellier I
Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay
Research Engineer, Guyancourt
Dr. Elisbeth Avril
Médecins du Monde
Michèle Barzach
Former Minister of Health
Georges Berthoin
International Honarary Chairman of the European Movement, Paris France
Mario Bettati
Professor of International Law, Paris University
Francis Caballero
Professor of Law, Paris University
Jean-Pierre Changeux
Professor of Molecular Neurobiology, Pasteur Institute and College de France
Anne Coppel
Sociologist
Claude Faugeron
Research Director, Co-Director, CNRS Drug Research Group, Paris
Andre Glucksman
Philosopher
Marek Halter
Writer
Michel Kazatchkine
Professor of Immunology, Paris University
Catherine Lalumiere
MPE (Member of the European Parliament)
Jacques Lebas, MD
President, Institut de l'Humanitaire, Paris
Bertrand Lebeau
Head Centre Parmentier Paris
Thierry Levy
Attorney
William Lowenstein, MD
Head, Montecristo Center, Paris
Jacky Mamou
President, Médecins de Monde
Arnaud Marty Lavauzelle
President, AIDES
Monique Nahas
Professor, University of Paris VIII
GERMANY
Lorenz Böllinger
Professor of Law, University of Bremen
Daniel Cohn-Bendit
Member, European Parliament; Commission for Civil Rights and Internal Affairs
Barbara Duden
Professor of Historical Sociology, Hannover, Germany
Peter Frerichs
Vice President, Frankfurt Police
Prof. Dr. Monika Frommel
Criminal Law, School of Criminology, University of Kiel
Günter Grass
Writer
Prof. Dr. Axel Grönemeyer
Center for Social Problems, Public Health and Social Policy, University of
Bielefeld
Johannes Gross
Journalist, Author, Talk show host, former editor "Capital"
Prof. Dr. Bernhard Haffke
Criminal Law, University of Passau
Ivan Illich
Philosopher
Dr. Hans Harald Koerner
Public Prosecutor, Frankfurt
Leutheuser-Schnarrenberger
Former German Federal Minister of Justice, drug political speaker, FDP Party
Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger
Former German Federal Minister of Justice
Heide Moser
Minister of Employment and Social Affairs, State of Schleswig-Holstein
Prof. Dr. Cornelius Nestler
University of Köln
Margarethe Nimsch
Former Minister for Health, State of Hessen, Germany
Prof. Dr. Cornelius Prittwitz
Criminal Law, University of Rostock
Prof. Dr. Stephan Quensel
Professor of Sociology, University of Bremen
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Scheerer
Aufbau- und Kontaktstudium Kriminologie, University of Hamburg
Prof. Dr. Konrad Schily
President, University of Witten-Herdecke
Hartmut Schneider
District Court Judge, Lübeck
Dierk-Henning Schnitzler
Police President, City of Bonn, Christian Democrate
GREECE
Alexis Grivas
Foreign Correspondent El Sol de Mexico Daily
Nicos Mouzelis
Professor of Sociology, London School of Economics, Athens
Nocis Papadakis
Press Counsellor, Greek Embassy in London
George Papandreou
Alternate Foreign Minister of Greece
Michaelis Papayannakis
Member European Parliament
Anthony D. Papayannides
Journalist, Publisher
James Pettifer
Visiting Professor, Institute of Balkan Studies, University of Thessaloniki
Voula Tsinorema
Professor of Philosophy, University of Ioannina
Georgos Votsis
Political Editor, Eleftherotypia Newpaper, Athens
GUATEMALA
Arnaldo Ortiz Moscoso
Former President of the Bar Association, Guatemala
HUNGARY
Jánes Kis
Philosopher
INDIA
Jimmy Dorabjee
Program Manager, Society for Serving the Urban Poor, New Delhi
IRELAND
Ivana Bacik
Reid Professor of Criminal Law, Trinity College, Dublin
Vincent Browne
Journalist; Lawyer
Tim Murphy
Lecturer in Law, University College, Cork
Daire O'Brien
Editor, Himself Magazine
Olaf Paul Tyaransen
Writer
ISREAL
Yossi Beilin
Former Minister, Member of Knesset, Tel Aviv
Haim Cohn
Former Deputy President of the Israel Supreme Court, Professor of Penal
Philosophy
Prof. Ruth Gavison
Haim Cohn Professor of Human Rights, Hebrew University; President of the
Israel Civil Rights Association; Member, International Commission of Jurists
Menachem Horovitz
Former Director of Correctional Services, Department of Welfare and
Labour; Research and Teaching Associate, Institute of Criminology, Hebrew
University
Leslie Sebba, JD
Associate Professor, Law Faculty, Hebrew University; former Chairperson of
the Criminology Council.
ITALY
Vittorio Agnoletto
President of the Italian League Against AIDS
Monica Bettoni-Brandani
Undersecretary of State for Health
Giovanni Bollea
Professor of Neuropsychiatry, University of Rome
Emma Bonino
European Commissioner for Humanitarian Affairs
Nicoletta Braschi
Actress
Francesco Carella
President Health Commission of the Senate
Don Luigi Ciotti
President, Gruppo Abele, Torino
Dario Fo
Nobel Laureate (Literature 1997)
Luigi Manconi
Senator, President of the Green Party, Rome
Livio Pepino
President, Magistratura Democratica
Giuliano Pisapia
President, Justice Commission, Italian Parliament, Rome
Franca Rame
Actress
Stefano Rodota
President, Authority for Privacy
Ersilia Salvato
Vice-President, Senate, Rome
Grazia Zuffa
President, Forum Droghe; Former Member of Parliament, Florence
JAMAICA
Colonel (R) Trevor N.N. MacMillan, C.D.J.P.
Former Commissioner of Police, Jamaica Constabulary Force; Former
Director, Revenue Protection Division, Ministry of Finance
LUXEMBOURG
Renée Wagner
Member of Parliament, Luxemburg; President of the Green Party; Member,
Special Parliamentary Commssion on Drugs
MALAYSIA
Susan Chong
Malaysian AIDS Council
Hisham Hussein
Malaysian AIDS Council
G. Chacko Vadaketh
Chair, Law and Ethics Committee, Malaysian AIDS Council; Advocate and
Solicitor, Kuala Lumpur
MEXICO
Mariclare Acosta
President of the Mexican Comission for the Defense and Promotion of Human
Rights (CMDPDH)
Homero Aridjis
President, International Organization of Literary Writers & Editors
Carlos Heredia Zubieta
Member of Congress
Gilberto Lopez y Rivas
Member of Congress
Jesus Silva Herzog
Former Mexican Ambassador to the United States
NETHERLANDS
Andreas van Agt
Former Prime Minister of the Netherlands; Former Minister of Justice;
Former Ambassador of the European Union to the United States
Janhuib Blans
Head of Jellinek Prevention; Assistant Professor of Parent Education and
Prevention, University of Amsterdam
Tim Boekhout van Solinge
Centre for Drug Research, University of Amsterdam
Frank Bovenkerk
Professor of criminology, University of Utrecht
Giel van Brussel
MPH Master Public Health, Amsterdam
Dr. Peter D.A. Cohen
Centre for Drug Research, University of Amsterdam
Hedy d'Ancona
Former Dutch Minister of Welfare, Health, and Culture; Member of the
European Parliament
Marcel van Dam
Publicist, Former Minister of Housing and Physical Planning, Putten,
Netherlands
Dr. Peter A. de Groot
Psychiatrist, Harderwijk
Jan F. Glastra van Loon
Professor, Senator, Former State Secretary of Justice
John Griffiths
Professor of Sociology of Law, University of Groningen
Sylvia van 't Hul
Public Prosecutor, Rotterdam
Louk Hulsman
Emeritus professor of Penal Law and Criminology, Erasmus University,
Rotterdam; Former President, European Commission for Criminal Problems,
Coucil of Europe
Constantijn Kelk, Ph.D.
Professor, Director, Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Sciences, Utrecht
University
Free le Poole
Member of the First Chamber of Parliament (Senate), Vice-President,
District Court, Assen
Ed Leuw
Researcher at the Ministry of Justice, The Hague
Freek Polak
Psychiatrist, Amsterdam
Felix Rottenberg
Amsterdam
Frits C.F. Rüter
Professor of Criminal Law, University of Amsterdam
E.H. Schuyer
Senator; Chairman of Democrats (D66), Senate
Jan G. van der Tas
Former Netherlands Ambassador to Germany
Ed. van Thijn
Former Mayor of Amsterdam; Professor, University of Amsterdam
J.M. vander Vaart
Judge, District Court of Amsterdam
Leon Wever
Board Member, Symbion (Addiction Care Rotterdam Region, Rijnmond); Former
Deputy Chief of Addiction Care, Ministry of Health
Dr. Pieter Winsemius
Former Netherlands Minister of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment
Policy
NEW ZEALAND
Tim Barnett
Member of Parliament, New Zealand
NICARAGUA
Violeta Barrios de Chamorro
Former President of Nicaragua
Miguel d'Escoto Brockman
Former Foreign Minister; Fundeci Nicaraguan Foundation for Comprehensive
Community Development
Xabier Gorostiaga
Former Rector, University of Central America
NORWAY
Johannes Andenaes
Professor of Penal Law; Former Rector, University of Oslo; Former
Chairman, Permanent Penal Committee of Norway
Anders Bratholm
Professor of Penal Law, University of Oslo
Nils Christie
Professor of Criminology, University of Oslo, Former director of
Scandinavian Board of Criminology
Gunnar Garbo
Ambassador; Former Member of Parliament
Ragnar Hauge
Professor, Former Director, State Institute of Alcohol and Drug Research
Cecilie Hoigaard
Professor of Criminology, University of Oslo, Former Director,
Scandinavian Board of Criminology
Thomas Mathiesen
Professor of Sociology of Law, University of Oslo
Sturla Nordlund
Director, Norwegian State Institute of Alcohol and Drug Research
PERU
Javier Alva Orlandini
Member of Congress
Rolando Ames
Former Senator
Humberto Campodonico
Economist, University Professor (San Marcos)
Arturo Castillo Chirinos
Member of Congress
Julio Cotler
Director, Institute of Peruvian Studies
Javier Diez Canseco
Member of Congress
Fernando Eguren
Sociologist, Director of Quarterly Debate Agrario
Antero Flores Araoz
Member of Congress
Lourdes Flores Nano
Member of Congress
Ernesto Gamarra Olivares
Member of Congress
Diego Garcia-Sayan
Executive Director, Andean Commission of Jurists
Alfonso Grados Bertorini
Member of Congress, Peru
Gustavo Gutierrez
Theologian
Jutta Krause
German Technical Development Agency
Manuel Lajo
Member of Congress
Guido Lombardi
Anchor, Red Global TV
Javier Perez de Cuellar
Former Secretary General of the United Nations
Federico Salazar
Anchor, America TV
Alejandro Santa Maria
Member of Congress
Annel Townsend Diez Canseco
Member of Congress
Jose Ugaz
University Professor
Allan Wagner
Former Minister of Foreign Affairs
POLAND
Marek Balicki
Psychiatrist, Former Deputy, Ministry of Health
Mikolaj Kozakiewicz
Former Speaker of Parliament (1989-1991); Vice-President of IPPFV
Krzysztof Krajewski
Professor, School of Criminology, University of Jagiellonski
Marek Nowicki
President, Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights; Member, Helsinki Commitee
for Human Rights
Danuta Przywara
Secretary to the Board, Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights
Andrzej Rzeplinski
Professor of Criminology, University of Warsaw; Deputy President, Helsinki
Foundation for Human Rights
Janusz Sieroslawski
Sociologist, Pompidou Group
PORTUGAL
Daniel Sampaio, MD, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Lisbon
SOUTH AFRICA
Malcolm Damon
Public Policy Liason Officer, South African Council of Churches
Neville Gabriel, C.S.S.R.
SACBC Parliamentary Office
Helen Suzman
Former Opposition Member of Parliament, Johannesburg
SPAIN
Jose Antonio Alonso Suarez
Judge. Juzgado de lo Penal n° 14 de Madrid
Gregorio Alvarez Alvarez
Judge. Juzgado de 1ª instancia e instrucción n° 2 de Salamanca
Francisco Javier Alvarez Garcia
Law Professor, Universidad de Cantabria
Perfecto Andrés Ibañez
Judge; Presidente de la Secc. 15. Audiencia provincial de Madrid
Heriberto Asencio Castillan
Judge. Audiencia provincial de Sevilla
Adela Asua Batarrita
Law Professor, Universidad de San Sebastiÿn
Ignacio Berdugo Goméz De La Torre
Dean and Law Professor, Universidad de Salamanca
Emilio Berlanga Ribelles
Judge. Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Cataluña
Ricardo Bodas Martin
Judge. Juzgado de lo Social n° 30 de Madrid
Javier Boix Reig
Law Professor - Universidad de Valencia
Antonio Caballero
Writer and journalist
Francisco Candil Jimenez
Law Professor, Universidad de Sevilla
Rocio Cantarero Bandres
Law Professor, Universidad de la Rioja
Juan Carlos Carbonell Mateu
Dean and Law Professor, Universidad de Valencia
Manuela Carmena Castrillo
Judge. Vocal del Consejo General del Poder judicial
Miguel Carmona Ruano
Judge, Presidente de la Audiencia provincial de Sevilla
Jose Cid Moline
Law Professor, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Candido Conde Pumpido
Judge. Sala 2ª del Tribunal Supremo
Antonio Contardo
Industrialist
Antonio Cuerda Riezu
Law Professor, Universidad de LeónLetrado del Tribunal Constitucional
Jose Luis De La Cuesta Arzamendi
Vice Dean and Law Professor Universidad del País Vasco
Juan Tomas De Salas
Lawyer and Journalist- Founder of the Grupo16, Publisher and Editor of
HisToria16, Editor of El Gato Encerrrado
Jose Luis Díez Ripollés
Law Professor, Universidad de MÿlagaCoordinador del Grupo de Estudios de
Política Criminal
Aurora Elosegui Sotos
Judge.Juzgado de 1ª Instancia n° 6 de San Sebastiÿn
Antonio Escohotado
Writer Professor of the Universidad a Distancia, Author of the best seller
"Historia de las Drogas"
Jesus Fernandez Entralgo
Judge. Secc. 17. Audiencia provincial de Madrid
Maria Dolores Fernandez Rodriguez
Law Professor, Universidad de Murcia
Juan Carlos Ferre Olivé
Law Professor, Universidad de Huelva
Rafael Fluiters Casado
Judge. Juzgado de 1ª instancia e instrucción n° 1 de Alcalÿ de Henares.
Madrid
Virginia Garcia Alarcon
Judge. Juzgado de lo Social n° 22 de Madrid
Mercedes García Arán
Law Professor, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.Coordinadora del Grupo de
Estudios de Política Criminal
Antonio Gil Merino
Judge, Presidente de la Secc. 7. Audiencia provincial de Sevilla
Luis Gonzalez Guitián
Law Professor, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Luis Gracia Martin
Law Professor, Universidad de Zaragoza
Gumersindo Guinarte Cabada
Law Professor, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Hernan Hormazabal Malaree
Law Professor, Universidad de Gerona
Maria F Ibañez Solaz
Judge. Juzgado de Instrucción n° 16 de Valencia
Carmen Lamarca Perez
Law Professor, Universidad Carlos III
Gerardo Landrove Diaz
Law Professor, Universidad de Murcia
Elena Larrauri Pijoan
Law Professor, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Patricia Laurenzo Copello
Law Professor, Universidad de Mÿlaga
Jose Manuel Lorenzo Salgado
Law Professor, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Borja Mapelli Caffarena
Law Professor, Universidad de Sevilla
Maria Luisa Maqueda Abreu
Law Professor, Universidad de Almería
Antonio Martin Pallin
Judge. Sala 2ª del Tribunal Supremo
Javier Martinez Lazaro
Judge. Juzgado de lo Penal n° 4 de Madrid
Fermin Morales Prats
Law Professor, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Manuel Moran Gonzalez
Judge. Audiencia Provincial de Salamanca
Julian Manuel Moreno Retamino
Judge. Tribunal Superior de Justicia, Sala Cont.-Adm. de Sevilla
Claudio Movilla Alvarez
Judge. Sala de lo Contencioso del Tribunal Supremo
Francisco Muñoz Conde
Law Professor, Universidad de Sevilla
Enrique Orts Berenguer
Law Professor, Universidad de Valencia
Felix Pantoja
Judge, Fiscal de Menores de Madrid
Jose Miguel De Paul Velasco
Judge. Audiencia Provincial de Sevilla
Jose Joaquin Perez-Beneyto Abad
Judge.Juzgado de lo Social n° 4 de Sevilla
Mario Pestana Perez
Judge. Juzgado de 1ª Ins. e Instrucción n° 1 de Leganés.
Madrid.Coordinador del Grupo de Estudios de Política Criminal
Miguel Polaino Navarrete
Law Professor, Universidad de Sevilla
Luis Rodriguez Ramos
Catedrático de Derecho Penal de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Horacio Roldÿn Barbero
Law Professor, Universidad de Córdoba
Juan Jose Romeo Laguna
Judge. Audiencia provincial, Sección VIII de Sevilla
Bernardo Del Rosal Blasco
Law Professor, Universidad de Alicante
Ramon Saez Valcarcel
Judge. Vocal del Consejo General del Poder judicial
Fernando Savater
Writer / Philosopher
Jose R. Serrano-Piedecasas
Law Professor, Universidad de Salamanca
Ascension Sole Puig
Judge.Juzgado de lo Social n° 28 de Barcelona
Josep Maria Tamarit Sumalla
Law Professor, Universidad de Lérida
Juan Terradillos Basoco
Law Professor, Universidad de Cÿdiz
Jose Manuel Valle Muñiz
Law Professor, Universidad de Lérida
Ramiro Ventura Faci
Judge.Juzgado de Instrucción n° 18 de Madrid
Luis Yañez-Barnuevo
Member of Parliament
Jose Miguel Zugaldia Espinar
Dean, and Law Professor, Universidad de Granada
SWEDEN
Anders Bergmark
Professor of social work, Stockholm University
Peter Curman
Former Chairman, Swedish Writer's Union
Ted Goldberg
Associate Professor of social work, Stockholm University
Olof Lagercrantz
Former Editor-In-Chief, Dagens Nyheter
Leif Lenke
Associate Professor of criminology, Stockholm University
Claes Örtendahl
Former Director General, Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden
Ingegmar Rexed
Judge,Svea Court of Appeal, Stockholm
Jerzy Sarnecki
Professor of criminology, Stockholm University
Sune Sunesson
Professor of social work, Lund University
Henrik Tham
Professor of criminology, Stockholm University
Per Ole Träskman
Professor of penal law, Lund University, Sweden
Hanns von Hofer
Professor of criminology, Stockholm University
SWITZERLAND
Peter Albrecht
Judge, Court of Bâle-Ville; Professor, University of Bâle
Pascal Bernheim
Second Manager, Radio Suisse Romande - La Première
Dr. Barbara Broers
Division of Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital
of Geneva
Christian Brunier
Member of Parliament, Geneva; President, Geneva Socialist Party
Pierre Philippe Cadert
Journalist, Radio Suisse Romande
Maria Luisa Cesoni
Attorney, Research Fellow, Faculty of Law, University of Geneva
Jacqueline Cogne
Member of Parliament, Geneva
Herve Dessimoz
Congressman, Geneva Parliament
Dr Dominique Hausser, MD, MSc
Member of Parliament, Geneva; Co-president, Drug Policy Commission,
Socialist Party
Bohdan D. Hawrylyshyn
Chairman, International Renaissance Foundation
Michel Heiniger
Film Director; Reporter, Swiss TV - Geneva
Dr. Annie Mino
MD Head, Division of Substance, Department of Psychiatry, University
Hospital, Geneva
Christian Nils Robert
Professor, School of Law, Geneva; CPT Expert (Council of Europe)
Albert Rodrik
Member of Parliament, Geneva
Francoise Schenk-Gottret
Member of Parliament, Geneva
UNITED STATES
Morton Abramowitz
International Crisis Group
Bruce Ackerman
Sterling Professor of Law, Yale University
Tammy Baldwin
Wisconsin State Representative, Candidate for Congress
Randy E. Barnett
Austin B.Fletcher Professor, Boston University School of Law
Jeremiah A Barondess MD
President, New York Academy of Medicine
Jim Baumohl
Bryn Mawr College
David H. Bayley
Dean, School of Criminal Justice State University of New York at Albany
Peter Beilenson
Baltimore City Health Commissioner
Ivan T. Berend
Professor, University of California, Los Angeles
Robert L. Bernstein
Founding Chair, Human Rights Watch
Jagdish Bhagwati
Professor of Economics, Columbia University
Nicolaus Bloembergen
Nobel Laureate (Physics 1981)
Leon Botstein
President, Bard College
John Bound
Professor of Economics, University of Michigan
Willie Brown
Mayor of San Francisco
Richard Burt
Senior Advisor, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC
Calvin Butts III
Pastor, Abyssinian Baptist Church, New York, NY
Geoffrey Canada
Rheedlen Center for Children & Families, Inc.
William J Chambliss
Professor, George Washington University
Allan Clear
Executive Director, Harm Reduction Coalition
Harvey Cox
Professor of Divinity, Harvard University
Alan Cranston
Former U.S. Senator
Walter Cronkite
Author, Broadcast Journalist
John Curtin
Federal Judge, Buffalo, NY
Lloyd N. Cutler
Lawyer, Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering; Former Counsel to the President,
1979-1981, 1994
Richard Dennis
President, Dennis Trading Group
Adrian W. DeWind
Partner, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton and Garrison
Jameson Doig
Professor of Politics and Public Affairs, Princeton University
Vincent Dole, MD
Professor Emeritus, Rockefeller University
Elizabeth K. Dollard
Professor of Law, Medicine & Psychiatry at NYU Law School
Ann Druyan
Federation of American Scientists
Steven Duke
Professor, Yale Law School
Troy Duster
Professor of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley
Jonathan Eaton
Chairman, Department of Economics, Boston University
Thomas Eissenberg, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University
Joycelyn Elders
Former U.S. Surgeon General
Ahmet Ertegun
Executive Chairman, Atlantic Records
Jonathan F. Fanton
President, New School University
John Ferejohn
Professor of Political Science, Stanford, Senior Fellow Hoover
Institution, Stanford University
Herman Feshbach
Institute Professor Emeritus, MIT
Robert Field
Chairman, Common Sense for Drug Policy
Hamilton Fish
President, Public Concern Foundation
Val L. Fitch
Professor Emeritus of Physics, Princeton University
Rev. Floyd Flake
Cathedral of the Allen AME Church, Pastor
Kathleen M. Foley
Project on Death in America
Milton Friedman
Senior Research Fellow, Hoover Insitution, Stanford University
Douglas Gale
Professor of Economics, New York University
H. Jack Geiger, MD
Professor of Community Medicine, City University of New York Medical School
Adrienne Germain
President, International Women's Health Coalition
Alfred G. Gilman, MD, PhD
Regental Professor and Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, University of
Texas
Ira Glasser
Executive Director, The American Civil Liberties Union
Ellen Goldberg
President, Santa Fe Institute
Marvin L. Goldberger
Dean, Division of Natural Sciences, University of California, San Diego
Stephen Jay Gould
Harvard University
Mike Gray
Author, "Drug Crazy"
Paul Greengard
Vincent Astor Professor of Neuroscience, Chief of the Laboratory of
Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University
Lester Grinspoon
Harvard Medical School
Lani Guinier
Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania
Terrence Hallinan
District Attorney of San Francisco
Morton H. Halperin
Former Department of Defense and National Security Council Official
Susan Hammer
Mayor of San Jose
Vernon Henderson
Professor of Economics, Brown University
Arnold Hiatt
Stride Rite Foundation
H.J. Hoffer, PhD
Dean Emeritus, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh
Sher Horosko
Executive Director, Drug Policy Foundation
Douglas Husak
Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University
Alex Inkeles
Sociologist, Senior Fellow Emeritus Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Sut Jhally
Professor of Communication, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
Carole Joffe
Professor of Sociology at University of California
Howard Josepher, CSW
Executive Director, Exponents Inc.
John Kane
Federal Judge, Denver, CO
Nicholas Katzenbach
Former Attorney General
Donald Kennedy
President Emeritus Stanford University; Professor Bological Services,
Stanford
Rufus King, Sr.
Daniel Klein
Department of Economics, Santa Clara University
Whitman Knapp
Senior District Judge, Southern District of New York
Jeanne E. Kohl
Senator, Washington State
Melvyn Krauss
Economist, Senior Fellow Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Mike Lawlor
Chair Judiciary Committee, Connecticut House of Representatives
Joshua Lederberg
Professor, Rockefeller University
Phillip R. Lee
Professor Emeritus, School of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco
David Lenson
Professor of Comparative Literature, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Titus Levi
Assistant Professor, University of Southern California
Robin J. Lewis
Associate Dean, School of International Affairs, Columbia University
Peter Lewis
Chairman, CEO, The Progressive Corporation
Walter Loewenstern, Jr., PhD
Co-Founder ROLM Corporation, Overseer Hoover Institution, Stanford
University, President Vail Valley Institute
Robert E. Lucas, Jr.
Department of Economics, University of Chicago
Peter Lurie
University of Michigan
Paul Martin L.
Nobel Laureate (Physics)
Gary T. Marx
Professor Emeritus, M.I.T.; Professor of Sociology, University of Colorado
Joseph McNamara
Former Police Chief of Kansas City and San Jose, Research Fellow Hoover
Institution
Donal E. J. McNamara
Former President American Society of Criminology
Miguel Mendez
Professor of Law, Stanford University
Matthew Meselson
Harvard University
Ruth Messenger
Former Manhattan Borough President
Robert B. Millman
Soul P. Steinberg Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Public Health,
Cornell University Medical College
Jeff Miron
Professor of Economics, Boston University
Toby Moffett
Former U.S. Congressman; Vice President, Monsanto Company, Washington, DC
Howard Moody
Reverend Emeritus, Judson Memorial Church, New York, NY
Thomas Moore
Economist, Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Paul Moore, Jr.
Bishop (Retired), Episcopal Church of New York
Dr. John P. Morgan
Professor of Pharmacology, City University of New York Medical School
Andrew P. Morriss
Associate Professor of Law & Associate Professor of Economics, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
Patrick Murphy
Former Police Commissioner of New York City
Charles Murray
American Enterprise Institute
Ethan Nadelmann, PhD
Director, The Lindesmith Center
Robert Newman
Continuum Health Partners
Roger Noll
Professor of Economics, Director of Public Policy Program, Stanford
University
Richard L. Ottinger
Former Congressman
Denise Paone, PhD
Assistant Director of Research, Asisstant Professor, Beth Israel Medical
Center
Claiborne Pell
Former U.S. Senator
Joan Petersilia
Professor of Criminology, University of California, Irvine
Gerard Piel
Former Editor/Publisher, Scientific American
Senator Anne Rand
Assistant Majority Leader, Maine Senate
David Rasmussen
Professor of Economics, Florida State University
William Ratliff
Political Scientist, Senior Research Fellow Hoover Institution, Stanford
University
Craig Reinarman
Professor of Sociology, Univeristy of California, Santa Cruz
Timothy N. Robertson
Legislator, New Hampshire
Dean E. Robinson
Assistant Professor, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
G. Alan Robison
Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology, University of Texas, Houston
Laurance Rockefeller
Ruth Rosen
Professor of History at the U. of California, Davis
Marsha Rosenbaum
Director The Lindesmith Center, San Francisco office
Allan Rosenfield
Dean, Columbia School of Public Health
Vernon W. Ruttan
Regents Professor, University of Minnesota
Oscar Schachter
Professor Emeritus of International Law and Diplomacy, Columbia University
Kurt Schmoke
Mayor of Baltimore
Sidney H. Schnoll, M.D., Ph.D.
Division of Substance Abuse Medicine, Medical College of Virginia
Carl E. Schorske
Professor of History, Princeton University
Herman Schwartz
Professor of Law, American University
George Shultz
Former Secretary of State, Dinstinguished Fellow, Hoover Institution
Henry Siegman
Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, New York
Richard E. Smalley
Nobel Laureate (Chemistry, 1996)
George Soros
Chairman, Soros Fund Management LCC; Chairman, Open Society Institute
John Sperling
Chairman and CEO, Apollo Group, Inc.
Eric Sterling
President, Criminal Justice Policy Foundation, Washington, D.C.
Robert S. Strauss
Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld
Eve Sullivan
Founder, Parents' Forum
Leon H. Sullivan
Chairman, OIC of America
Robert Sweet
Federal Judge, New York, NY
Hon. James W. Symington
Attorney at Law
David J. Theroux
Founder/President, The Independent Institute
Brooks Thomas
Former Chairman and CEO Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc.
John S. Toll
Chancellor Emeritus, University of Maryland System; President, Washington
College; Former President, Washington Academy of Sciences; Former
President, Universities Research Association
Arnold S. Trebach, J.D. , Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, American University; Founder, The Drug Policy Foundation
Donald Trunkey
MD, Chairman and Professor, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences
University
Richard Ullman
Professor , Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton Universtiy
J. Thomas Ungerleider, MD
Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles,
Medical Center; Presidential Appointee (Nixon), National Commission on
Marijuana and Drug Abuse
Dr. Mark Vierra
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Stanford University
James Vorenberg
Professor, Harvard Law School
Faye Wattleton
Former Executive Director, Planned Parenthood
Andrew Weil
Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of
Medicine; Author of "Spontaneous Healing" and "Natural Health, Natural
Healing"
Andrew Weiss
Professor of Economics, Boston University
Jann S. Wenner
Chairman, Wenner Media, Inc.
Cornel West
Professor, Harvard University
Sidney M. Wolfe, MD
Public Citizen's Health Research Group
Gavin Wright
Professor of Economics, Stanford University
Kevin B. Zeese
President, Common Sense for Drug Policy
George Zimmer
Chairman/CEO, Men's Wearhouse
Lynn Zimmer
Associate Professor of Sociology, Queens College, City University of New York
Franklin Zimring
Professor of Law, UC Berkeley
Jeffrey Zwiebel
Associate Professor of Finance, Graduate School of Business, Stanford
University
UNITED KINGDOM
Lord Rae
House of Lords
Austin N.E. Amissah
Judge, London
Rabbi Tony Bayfield
Director, Sternberg Centre for Judaism
Colin Blakemore
Professor; Fellow of the Royal Society; President, British Association for
the Advancement of Science
Colin Brewer
Medical Director, the Stapleford Centre
Rabbi Sidney Brichto
Senior Vice President of the Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues
Peter P. Burnett
Bodleian Library
Alison Downie
Chair of Release, Solicitor
Edward Ellison
Retired Detective Chief Superintendent Metropolitan Police, Operational
Head of Scotland Yard Drug Squad
Stephen Fineman
Professor, University of Bath
Paul Flynn
Member of Parliament, House of Commons
Mike Goodman
Director Release
Dr. Brian Iddon
Member of Parliament, London
Mike Jay
Chairman, Drug Policy Review Group
Nicholas Kurti
Fellow of the Royal Society
Danny Kushlick
Director, Transform
Reverend Dr. Kenneth Leech
Founder of Soho Drugs Group, Founder of Centrepoint
Robin Marris
Professor Emeritus, London University
Judi Marshall
Professor, Bath University
Austin Mitchell
Member of Parliament, UK
Edith Morgan
Mental Health Consultant, Order of the British Empire
Dr. Richard Newman
Professor of History, University of Wales Swansea
John Purcell
Professor, School of Human Resource Management, University of Bath
Lord Rae, MD
House of Lords
Anita Roddick, OBE
Founder, The Body Shop
Martin Short
Author
Nigel South
Professor of Sociology, University of Essex
Ian Sparks
Chief Executive, The Children's Society
Eleanor Stephens
Senior Lecturer, Media Journalism, University of Sheffield
Richard Stevenson
Professor of Health Economy, Liverpool University
Anthony Tibber
Judge, London
Carole Tongue
Member of European Parliament
Right Reverend Rowan Williams
Bishop of Monmouth
URUGUAY
Mario Benedetti
Writer
VENEZUELA
Simon Alberto Consalvi
Former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Diego Arria
Ambassador; Former Representative of Venezuela to the United Nations and
Security Council
***
Posted from this web document:
http://www.lindesmith.org/news/un.html
by:
Richard Lake
Senior Editor; MAPnews, MAPnews-Digest and DrugNews-Digest
***
The Media Awareness Project is proud to participate in the Global Coalition
for Alternatives to the Drug War. The 1998 Global Days against the Drug
War! - June 6, 7, 8 - Join the Coalition! Events in over 50 cities!
http://www.drugsense.org/ungass.htm
to 1998 Daily News index for May 28-June 3